Se venden casas / se vende casas - Pasiva refleja o se impersonal |
The pasiva refleja and the se impersonal often cause confusion, even among advanced learners. This is partly due to the overlap that exists between them as well as regional differences in usage.1-2
Pasiva refleja | Se impersonal |
Only used with the object of a transitive verb (or verb used transitively, e.g. comer, vivir, disparar).3
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Normally used with intransitive verbs, or transitive verbs with a person as the direct object.
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Usually only used with things, rather than people, to avoid confusion with reflexive meaning. Always agrees in number with the subject.
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Although it is usually used with people as direct object, the impersonal se is sometimes used with things -see discussion below. Always third-person singular.
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However, when referring to unspecific/unidentifiable people (no determiner), where the personal a is not required (read more), the pasiva refleja is the norm. Always agrees in number with the subject.8
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The impersonal se is used when referring to people with the 'personal a' (read more), i.e. specific/identifiable people with a definite determiner.9-11
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Unlike the impersonal se, the subject can go before or after the verb with the pasiva refleja.7
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Occasionally the impersonal se is used with things (not people) as the direct object. In this case, the verb always goes before the noun.8
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When used along with an indirect object (dativo), the verb agrees in number with the noun.
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In Spain, when the person is the direct object of a transitive verb, the pronoun le is preferred for males, and sometimes females -read more.
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When used with an already pronominal verb, placing the verb after the noun is less ambiguous, leaving only the reflexive/pronominal interpretation, rather than the passive one [See voz media].9
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Reflexive/pronominal verbs cannot be used with the impersonal se; uno or la gente is used to talk about what one normally does or what normally happens. As discussed previously, when a woman refers to herself or to women in general, they tend to use una (in Spain).
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When used with modal verbs, the verb should agree in number with the noun, although use in singular is commonly seen with plural nouns and accepted by the GDLE.10-11
But when used with other 'semi-auxiliar' verbs, it refers to the entire phrase and is singular. [Read more]
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The se impersonal is also common with the copulative verbs ser and estar.
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The verb 'tardar' can be used in either pasiva refleja or impersonal constructions. [See tardar/tardarse]
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The impersonal form is favoured in Spain, in which case the verb is always conjugated in third-person singular.
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Although the impersonal se is sometimes used with things, rather than people, the DPD advises against it where there may be doubt.
"Si el elemento nominal sobre el que recae la acción verbal expresa cosa, debe emplearse la construcción de pasiva refleja; por tanto, el verbo ha de ir en plural si este elemento es plural". RAE
So, in the following examples the pasiva refleja would be the preferred choice. It's worth noting, though, that the se impersonal is not altogether condemned by the NGLE, and it can even change the emphasis somewhat:11
"[...] la oración impersonal pone el énfasis en el sujeto tácito, por lo tanto la persona que realiza la acción o experimenta el proceso (es decir, el que percibe algo en 'esas luces que se ve a lo lejos'), mientras que la pasiva refleja correspondiente focaliza el paciente (por tanto lo visto en 'esas luces que se ven a lo lejos')".12
Se firmará los acuerdos (alguien firmará los acuerdos; poco habitual y no recomendable)
→Se firmarán los acuerdos (los acuerdos serán firmados)
Se alquila habitaciones (alguien alquila habitaciones; poco habitual y no recomendable)
→Se alquilan habitaciones (habitaciones son alquiladas)
Se busca casas con jardín (alguien busca esas casas; poco habitual y no recomendable)
→Se buscan casas con jardín (esas casas son buscadas)
- See also: pasiva con ser/pasiva refleja, valores de 'Se'
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